Minimum Nurse-to-Patient Ratio FAQ

mNPRs are a critical policy solution aimed at addressing the severe nurse staffing shortage in BC’s health-care system. mNPRs represent the minimum number of nurses deemed necessary to care for a maximum number of patients on a given unit, and provides a simple, clear formula that transparently indicates staffing requirements for licensed practical nurses, registered psychiatric nurses and registered nurses throughout the province.

mNPRs will drastically improve patient care across the province and make BC the best place in the country to be a nurse. mNPRs will allow nurses to do what they were trained to do: devote time and attention to patients’ needs and provide the health care everyone deserves. Addressing the staffing shortage will see patients benefit from reduced medication errors and hospital-acquired infections as well as a measurable and significant reduction in patient mortality.

The evidence shows mNPRs save lives. They reduce patient mortality, as well as nurse occupational injuries, incidents and missed care. They help create the safe, healthy and supportive workplaces required to retain the nurses we have now, return nurses who have left and recruit the new nurses we need to address the staffing shortage.

For years, BC’s nurses have struggled to provide safe patient care while facing a reality that sees them running from patient-to-patient, working short-staffed and juggling multiple duties on every shift. These untenable working conditions are leading to high levels of nurse burnout and significant moral distress, forcing many nurses to leave the profession altogether. BC now has an unprecedented number of nurse vacancies – more than 5,000 according to Statistics Canada.

This severe staffing shortage has also resulted in a growing frequency of temporary emergency room closures and service disruptions in the health-care system. Health employers have responded by spending tens of millions of dollars on expensive for-profit staffing agencies to bring nurses to the bedside and fill the staffing gap. This costly and unsustainable health human resources strategy has resulted in a 24-fold increase in spending on agencies between 2016 and 2024. Research has linked the use of agency nurses to increased staff turnover, deterioration of the quality of care, inequities in working conditions and salaries, and destabilization of health-care teams.

For the first time in a generation, we have a solution in mNPRs that has the potential to help heal the chronic staffing crisis in our health-care system and help chart a path forward so that patients can finally receive the care they need and nurses can practice their profession under safe and sustainable working conditions.

BC will be the first jurisdiction in Canada to adopt mNPRs. California, and Australia already have them in place, and Oregon is currently in the implementation stage. Experience in these jurisdictions has shown that mNPRs create safer care and more satisfied nurses.

BCNU has advocated for mNPRs for over 25 years. Until now, however, provincial governments had resisted the move. In April 2023, the Nurses’ Bargaining Association signed an agreement with the Ministry of Health to introduce mNPRs in hospitals, long-term care and assisted living, and community and non-hospital care settings.

Our sister nursing unions in California and Australia engaged in years-long campaigns to achieve ratios for their members. In 1999, the nurses of the California Nurses Association successfully sponsored and lobbied the California Legislature to pass a bill that made mNPRs a requirement throughout the state, and they were implemented in 2004. mNPRs were first implemented in Victoria, Australia in 2000.

The evidence from California and Australia, where mNPRs are currently in place, clearly demonstrates positive outcomes for patients, nurses and health-care organizations. After the implementation of mNPRs, California hospitals saw nurse turnover and vacancy rates fall below five percent, well below the national average, and nursing vacancies in Sacramento, California, decreased by 69 percent within four years. The results of California’s mNPR mandate show that it has enabled three hours a day more nursing care to each patient. In Victoria, Australia, the number of employed nurses grew by 24 percent, with more than 7,000 inactive nurses returning to the workforce after mNPRs were implemented.

The provincial government allocated $200 million in 2023/2024, $250 million in 2024/2025 and $300 million in 2025/2026 to implement mNPRs. To support implementation, the province announced in March 2024 an investment of $237 million in one-time funding initiatives to help retain, return and recruit new nurses into the health-care system. This includes $169.5 million for the expansion of provincial rural retention incentives and $68.1 million for training and licensing investments.

Staffing to support the implementation of mNPRs requires measures to train and recruit new nurses, retain the nurses already working in the system and return nurses who have left the profession back to the bedside. These efforts require a multi-pronged approach that includes financial incentives, increased access to training and career opportunities, improvements in working conditions and supports for nurses’ well-being.

Agency nurses are utilized as a last resort to fill staffing vacancies when no other nurse is available. Recognizing the health-care system’s growing reliance on private agency nursing and the skyrocketing costs associated with it, the BC government created GoHealth BC as a publicly delivered alternative.

GoHealth BC is the province’s travel nursing program, whose staff are made up of members of the BCNU. It’s numbers have grown to more than 200 nurses since it began in 2023. The program was established to help reduce health employers’ reliance on expensive nurse staffing agencies. To further reduce reliance on staffing agencies, some nurses will be eligible to receive up to $15,000 in signing bonuses if they choose to take a regular position with GoHealth BC. This incentive will focus on net-new entrants to BC’s health-care system, and help prevent churn and competition between employers. Nurses who are currently employed by third-party staffing agencies are encouraged to apply.

Measures in the BC government’s Health Human Resources Strategy are already leading to increased recruitment after a lapse in practice in the province in 2023. BC’s recruitment efforts continue to expand with BCNU negotiating $68 million in new government investments in training and licensing to expand the internationally educated nurse bridging program and introduce new post-secondary education tuition credits and bursaries in nursing programs.

The implementation of mNPRs is overseen by a provincial Executive Steering Committee, which includes representatives from the BCNU, the Nurses' Bargaining Association, the Health Employers Association of BC (HEABC), and the provincial government. This committee, established in the fall of 2023, operates by consensus to provide recommendations to the Ministry of Health regarding the investments outlined in the agreement. Additionally, five working groups were developed to focus on planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, recruitment and retention, and communications support the committee by providing policy recommendations for mNPRs to be endorsed and presented to the ministry.

Planning for the implementation of Phase 1 minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in health authorities began in September 2024 with the rollout starting in January 2025.

Phase 1 ratios:

• General Medical / Surgical Inpatient: 1 nurse to 4 patients (1:4) 24/7
• Rehabilitation:
  • Day/Evening: 1 nurse to 5 patients (1:5)
  • Night: 1 nurse to 7 patients (1:7)
• Palliative: 1 nurse to 3 patients (1:3) 24/7
• Focused (Special) Care: 1 nurse to 3 patients (1:3) 24/7
• High Acuity / Step Down: 1 nurse to 2 patients (1:2) 24/7
• Intensive Care: 1 nurse to 1 patient (1:1) 24/7
• Pediatric Medical / Surgical: 1 nurse to 4 patients (1:4) 24/7
• Pediatric Focused (Special) Care: 1 nurse to 3 patients (1:3) 24/7
• Pediatric Intensive Care Units: 1 nurse to 1 patient (1:1) 24/7
• Pediatric High Acuity Units: 1 nurse to 2 patients (1:2) 24/7

Subsequent phases will address minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in other hospital-based care settings, and develop standardized staffing approaches for community and non-hospital care settings, as well as long-term care and assisted living.

Each health authority will establish a Joint Regional Implementation Committee (JRIC) consisting of six core members, with equal representation from both BCNU and health employers. The health employer representatives will include the chief nursing officer, a senior operational leader with a nursing background, and a senior labour relations leader. On the BCNU side, the members will include two representatives, one of whom will be an elected official, along with a senior labour relations leader.

These committees are responsible for guiding the development and implementation of mNPRs at the health authority level, ensuring that implementation is standardized and consistent across all relevant sites and units. Health employers must submit their implementation plans to the Ministry of Health for review and approval.

Following approval from the Ministry of Health, health employers will establish and maintain mNPRs at the unit level. Staffing calculations will be based on the established number of beds per unit, ensuring that the ratio is met for every shift. If additional patients are admitted beyond the base number of beds, health employers must make every effort to call in additional nursing staff to maintain the required ratio. The charge nurse will coordinate patient assignments and has the authority to request additional resources if patient safety concerns arise. The implementation of mNPRs does not alter the collaborative, team-based approach to care but sets the minimum number of nurses required on a unit.

The charge nurse plays a key role in coordinating patient assignments and ensuring that mNPRs are maintained during each shift. The charge nurse’s primary focus is to support the nursing team, address patient safety concerns, and ensure the smooth operation of the unit.

When a baseline nursing position becomes vacant, the employer will make every reasonable effort, including calling out at overtime, to fill the position with a nurse who has the same designation and specialty training (e.g., RN with RN, ERQ with ERQ) to maintain the required staffing levels and skill mix, and ensure patient safety.

The Ministry of Health will use performance metrics to measure the outcomes of mNPRs, focusing on effectiveness, efficiency, safety, and the quality of the care environment. These metrics will be categorized into three groups: patients, nurses, and the health- care system. Regular reporting and analysis of these metrics will support continuous quality improvement.

No, employers are required to adhere to the terms of the provincial collective agreement while implementing mNPRs

The mNPR policy will undergo a formal review every three years, with quarterly evaluation reports contributing to ongoing quality improvement efforts. The evaluations will assess the effectiveness of mNPRs in improving patient outcomes, job satisfaction for nurses, and overall system efficiency.

Employer compliance with mNPRs will be closely monitored by the Ministry of Health through established reporting mechanisms. Health authorities will be required to submit regular compliance reports, which will be analyzed and integrated into the quality improvement process.